In order to study the type and nature of injuries incurred by Iranian female gymnasts, 50 top athletes participating in the national championship in 1999 were selected. These 50 athletes completed the questionnaire that included 15 tables and 20 questions. Injuries included, skin injuries, (abrasios, wounds), muscle-tendon injuries (strain, soreness), joint injuries (dislocation, sprain) and bone fracture (capillary fracture, closed fracture open fracture).The results indicated that 88% of the female gymnasts were injured during training or competition that included muscular injuries with 59.5% being the most frequent, followed by skin injuries with 18.6%, jont injuries with 17.8% and bone fractures with 4.4%. From the total injury cases, head and face injuries hand the lowest rate (2.1%) and the lower extremities had the highest rate injuries (58%), trunk and vertebral column injuries 7.7% and upper extremities injury was 32.2%.From the total injury cases, hematoma was highest, and bone fracture was lowest injury.56.8% of the athletes believed that gymnasts are mostly frequently hurt during floor exercises and 34.2% believed that vault and beam cause more injuries.

Approximately a decade ago, the FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) developed an injury prevention program so-called "The 11" which was aimed to reduce injuries among male and female amateur football players aged 14 years and older. The "11" was designed on the basis of information and data which was available of research on injury and structured as warm-up program to reduce ankle and knee sprains, groin and hamstring strains in football players.

Background: The purpose of this study was to, present and discuss the accumulated knowledge involvement in various shoulder injuries and highlight the clinical implications for the evaluation and treatment of shoulder injuries. Shoulder injuries are common in both athletes and non-athletes. Risk factors for shoulder injuries are unknown despite the increase in injury rates. We seek to summarize the causes of shoulder injuries in athletes. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: Searches were performed on 4 databases using keywords related to shoulder injury factors and a review of all applicable manuscripts was performed. Result: Ninety-three articles met criteria for inclusion. Of the all independent variables that were analyzed, age, overhead throw sport and other sport, professional or amateur, contact and non-contact sports, male and female and related fall in sports were found to be independent risk factors for shoulder injuries. Conclusion: The comparison of sport to non-sport shoulder injury incidence rates suggests that the increased risk of shoulder injuries in young males is mainly attributable to sports injuries. Men are more exposed to upper limb injuries.

Aims: Recognition of common sport related injuries and their causing factors is one of the ways of injury prevention. The goal of this study was to investigate the incidence, type and mechanism of injuries among the participants of International Unity & Friendship Karate Cup.Methods: This descriptive survey was carried out in 2009. The statistical population was 165 male karatekas who participated in the 9th International Unity & Friendship Karate Cup and were selected by census method.Data were collected by injury report forms and weight of the athlete, the intensity of the injury, the injury site and the type, time and mechanism of injury were recorded. Descriptive statistical methods and SPSS 16 software were used for data analysis.Results: 75 injuries were recorded, with the mean incidence of 0.32 injuries per match.80% of injuries were minor, 17.3% moderate and 2.7% were severe. The injuries were most commonly located in the head and face (49.3%). The injuries consisted primarily of muscle contusion (60%) and hemorrhage (21.3%).24% of injuries took place at the first minute of the competition, 37.3% of injuries in the second minute, 17.3% in third minute and 21.3% out of the competition time.Conclusion: The majority of injuries are minor in Karate and severe injuries are uncommon. The injuries consisted primarily of muscle contusion. Most of injuries occur during the second minute of competition and injuries are most commonly located in head and face.

Background and aim The sport specificities and repetitive patterns can affect musculoskeletal system. The aim of this study was to investigate and comparison of postural disorders and sport injuries in Kata and Kumite style karate athletes. Materials and Methods 38 elite (20 Kumite, 18 kata) formed the research subjects. The flat foot was measured with Staheli index, and Caliper, universal goniometer and flexible ruler were used for assessing knee abnormalities, Q-angle and spinal curvatures respectively. The rate of injuries were recorded in data collection forms. Independent t-test was used to compare the postural variables between groups and chi-square was used to compare the injury rates. Results Independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the amount of Staheli foot index (P = 0. 00) in kumite and kata groups. However, between the kyphosis (P=0. 53), lumbar lordosis (P=0. 06), Q angle (P=0. 54), the distance between the inner thigh condyles (P=0. 86) and the distance between the inner ankle malleolus (P=0. 78) There was no significant difference between the two groups (P> 0. 05). The highest incidence of lesions was also observed in lower limb (58. 4%). Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that karate exercise can affect athletes's posture due to the type of special training and the pattern of repetitive movements. The results showed that prolonged karate training increased the prevalence of flat foot and hip Q angle in the Kata group and increased lumbar lordosis in the Kumite group and lower extremity had the highest injury rate.

Introduction: Due to the nature of the martial art of judo, injuries are very common. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to study sports injuries in male and female judokas of Iranian national teams. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study in which the subjects included judokas of Iranian national teams (51 and 46 women) who were selected using the purposive and convenience sampling method. The Australian Sports Medicine Injury Standard Questionnaire was used to assess sports injuries. For analysis of information, descriptive and chi-square tests were used. Results: The results showed that 95. 09% of all male and female samples experienced at least one injury. The incidence of injury in all Judokas was 46. 39 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures (A-E). Additionally, the incidence of injury was 54. 9 injuries per 1000 A-E in men and 36. 95 injuries per 1000 A-E in women. Knee joint (female: 16. 18%, male: 26. 78%), shoulder (female: 27. 94%, male: 13. 39%), and fingers (female: 10. 92%, male: 17. 86 %) suffered the most from sports injuries, but there were no significant differences between male and female genders in this regard (X 2 = 16. 15, P = 0. 30). The most common types of injuries were ligament (female: 19. 12%, male: 31. 25%) and tendon (female: 19. 12%, male: 11. 60%) injuries, but there were no significant differences in terms of gender (X 2 = 20. 90, P = 0. 10). The severity of injury in national male and female judokas was moderate and also the most common mechanism of injury in judokas was trauma to the opposing player (female: 23. 53%, male: 50. 00 %) and high traction (female: 35. 29%, male: 19. 64%). Conclusion: Based on the above findings regarding the high incidence of injury, especially in the knee and shoulder joints, it is necessary in future research to try to use injury prevention strategies to control the mechanisms of injury in national judokas.

Background: Sport medicine is a relatively new scientific branch in Iran. In order to evaluate sport injuries in Iranian skiers we examined and followed all ski players who was injured while skiing in Shemshak slope during a skiing season( January to April 2000) Materials and Methods: During a period of 3 months, a total of 32050 persons skied in Shemshak slope and 76 case of injuries were identified; the injury rate \vas calculated as 2.3/ 1000 skiers. Among the injured organs knee (32%) and head and neck region (20%) were respectively the most common sites of injury. Sprain of the medial collateral ligament was the most frequent knee injury (28% of the cases). 26.7% of the injured cases were amateurs and 21% of them used hired ski instruments. Results: In this study such factors as lack of exercise before skiing, fatigue and time of skiing (beginning or end of the season) were not found to be related to the injury rate. However, head and neck injuries in contrast to knee injuries were most frequent in the end of the season (p< 0.01). Conclusion: This study confirms the necessity of greater care of knee joints during skiing and probable need of wearing helmet for head protection in the end of skiing season. More studies are necessary to clarify other details regarding sport injuries in skiers.

Nowadays participation in sports has increased among women thus, sport injuries which makes an inevitable part of it has increased too. Determination of sports injuries incidence has a critical importance in care programs. In this study 97 cases of sports injuries occurred during the Second Islamic Countries women's sports games were evaluated. For each case referee a special form was filled out by the physician. This form included these parameters: age, field of sport, nationality, transportation to hospital, timing of the accident (training or competition, first, middle or last part of the play), anatomic location of the injury ,kind of injury, history of previous injury, involvement of another player in occurring, leaving the game, warming up and physical fitness (weekly training). Then incidence of injury was calculated in contact and non contact sports separately. Incidence of injuries per participants and incidence per hours of play were calculated. Incidence of sports injuries had a significant relationship with the kind of sport (contact or non contact), (P=0.02) Mean of age of injured cases was 20.08 yr. The highest rate of injuries was reported in Badminton, Handball and Karate, and lowest of which in Chess, Swimming and, Shooting. The highest rate of injuries occurred in the lower limb (56.7%). In 94.8% of cases, soft tissue was injured. In 47.4% of cases contusion and 14.4% wound or laceration were reported. Other kinds of injury had lower rates. 81.5% of cases had warming up equal or more than 10 minutes before playing. 8 1.1 % of cases had equal or more than 3 times hour/week training in their program. The contact sports group had significant relationship with transport to hospital (Fischer index=0.01), history of pervious injury (P=0.006), ankle vs knee (in lower limb joints) (P=0.05).leaving the game (P=0.0001), another player involved in injury (P=0.00). The most frequent sports injuries was soft tissue injuries and occurred most tTequently in the lower extremities and sports injuries occurs more frequently and more severely in contact sports than non contact sports.